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Human Health & Diseases
Class XII NCERT/ CBSE
Shubhadeep Bhattacharjee
Unit Split up:
EXAM MARKS (PREDICTED)
AISSCE (CBSE) 12
NEET 20
Hitlist:
 Health & Disease
 Common diseases in humans
 Concept of immunity
 AIDS
 Cancer
 Drugs & alcohol
 HEALTH: Physical, mental and social wellbeing
 DISEASE: Any functional or physical change from the normal state that
causes discomfort , or disability, or impairs the health of an organism is called
a disease.
DISEASES CAUSE DETEREORATION IN HEALTH
STATE?????
DISEASES
CONGENITALINFECTIOUS
NON- INFECTIOUS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 CONGENITAL DISEASE
• Common Cold
• Scurvy
• Arthritis
• Cardio Vascular Diseases
• Rickets
• Pneumonia
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Haemophilia
• COVID-19
• Diabetes
INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
 PATHOGENS: Micro organisms that can cause a disease
( Bacteria, Virus, Protozoans, Helminths, Fungi etc.)
PATHOGEN DISEASE
Bacteria Pneumonia, Typhoid
Virus Influenza, Small pox, Chicken pox
Protozoans Malaria, Amoebiasis
Helminths Ascariasis, Filariasis
Fungi Ringworm, Athlete’s foot
Typhoid:
 Pathogen: Salmonella typhi
 Organ Effected: Small intestines
 Spread: Contaminated food and water
 Diagnostic Test: Widal Test
 Extreme Cases: Intestinal perforations and death
 Symptoms:
1. Sustained high fever
2. Constipation
3. Loss of Appetite
4. Stomach pain
5. Weakness
6. Headache
Pneumonia:
 Pathogen: Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae
 Organ effected: Alveoli and lungs
 Spread: Aerosol droplet, Sharing contaminated glasses
 Diagnosis: Alveoli filled with fluid
 Extreme cases: Lips and fingernails turn bluish
 Symptoms:
 1. Chills and fever
 2. Cough and headache
Common Cold:
 Pathogen: Rhinovirus
 Organ Effected: Nose and upper respiratory tract
 Spread: Aerosols and contaminated objects
 Lasts for 3-7 days
 Symptoms:
 1. Hoarseness of throat
 2. Nasal congestion and discharge
 3. Headache
 4. Tiredness
• Are all micro organisms
pathogenic?
• Are all pathogens micro
organisms?
Malaria:
 Pathogen: Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria, P. falciparum)
 Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito
 Organ Effected: Liver & RBCs
 Symptoms:
 High fever after an incubation period of 14 days
 Restlessness
 Loss of appetite Early Symptoms
 Sleeplessness
 Muscular pain
 Headache Late Symptoms
 Chills
 As a response to the chills the body temperature keeps rising till it reaches
106F (height of fever). The patient sweats a lot and the temperature steadily
goes down to normal, till the next attack takes place after 48 hours.
Plasmodium has two life stages:
1. Asexual Stages: Sporozoites (Human Host)
2. Sexual Stages: Gametocytes (Anopheles Host)
• Sporozoites divide asexually to give rise to
more sporozoites
• Male and female gametocyte fuse together to
form sporozoites
 Anti malarial drugs: quinine, chloroquine
 Killing of mosquitoes by spraying DDT, BHC etc., and use of insect repellents,
mosquito nets etc., the disease can be controlled
• Sporozoites initially multiply in the liver and then
attack the RBCs
• Rupture of RBCs releases a toxin called haemozoin,
which is responsible for high recurring fever
Amoebiasis:
 Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica
 Organ effected: Large intestine
 Carrier: Housefly
 Transmission: Contaminated food and water
 Symptoms:
 Abdominal Pain
 Constipation
 Cramps
 Stool with excess mucous and blood clots
Ringworms:
 Pathogen: fungi like Microsporum,
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton
 Transmission: Physical contact with an
effected individual or from soil.
Sharing towel, clothes, combs etc. with
infected person.
 Symptoms:
a. Dry and scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp
b. Lesions are accompanied by itching.
Ascariasis:
 Pathogen: intestinal endoparasite of man, Ascaris
lumbricoides (Roundworm)
 Transmission: Contaminated vegetables, fruits and
water.
 Symptoms:
a. Abdominal pain
b. indigestion
c. internal bleeding
d. muscular pain
e. fever
f. anemia
g. nausea and headache
h. blockage of the intestinal passage.
Filariasis/
Elephantiasis:
 Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti and
Wuchereria malayi (filarial worm)
 Vector: female Culex mosquito
 Cause inflammation of the organs in which
they live for many years
 Affect the lymph vessels of the lower
limbs.
 Blocked lymph nodes results in swelling of
the legs.
 External genitalia may also be affected
leading to gross deformities.
Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases:
 Maintenance of personal hygiene
 Maintenance of public hygiene
 Eradication of vectors and their breeding places
 Vaccination and immunization programs for diseases like polio, diptheria,
tetanus etc.
 Use of antibiotics and drugs to treat the infected person.
Quick Revision:
 Health
 Disease
 Types of diseases
 Pathogens/ vectors/ carriers
 Bacterial diseases ( Typhoid & Pneumonia)
 Viral disease ( Common cold)
 Protozoan disease ( Malaria & Amoebiasis)
 Fungal Disease ( Ringworm)
 Helminthic Disease ( Ascariasis & Filariasis)
 Prevention & control of infectious diseases
Human health & diseases

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Human health & diseases

  • 1. Human Health & Diseases Class XII NCERT/ CBSE Shubhadeep Bhattacharjee
  • 2. Unit Split up: EXAM MARKS (PREDICTED) AISSCE (CBSE) 12 NEET 20
  • 3. Hitlist:  Health & Disease  Common diseases in humans  Concept of immunity  AIDS  Cancer  Drugs & alcohol
  • 4.  HEALTH: Physical, mental and social wellbeing  DISEASE: Any functional or physical change from the normal state that causes discomfort , or disability, or impairs the health of an organism is called a disease. DISEASES CAUSE DETEREORATION IN HEALTH STATE?????
  • 6.  INFECTIOUS DISEASE  NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE  CONGENITAL DISEASE • Common Cold • Scurvy • Arthritis • Cardio Vascular Diseases • Rickets • Pneumonia • Sickle Cell Anemia • Haemophilia • COVID-19 • Diabetes
  • 7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES:  PATHOGENS: Micro organisms that can cause a disease ( Bacteria, Virus, Protozoans, Helminths, Fungi etc.) PATHOGEN DISEASE Bacteria Pneumonia, Typhoid Virus Influenza, Small pox, Chicken pox Protozoans Malaria, Amoebiasis Helminths Ascariasis, Filariasis Fungi Ringworm, Athlete’s foot
  • 8. Typhoid:  Pathogen: Salmonella typhi  Organ Effected: Small intestines  Spread: Contaminated food and water  Diagnostic Test: Widal Test  Extreme Cases: Intestinal perforations and death  Symptoms: 1. Sustained high fever 2. Constipation 3. Loss of Appetite 4. Stomach pain 5. Weakness 6. Headache
  • 9. Pneumonia:  Pathogen: Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae  Organ effected: Alveoli and lungs  Spread: Aerosol droplet, Sharing contaminated glasses  Diagnosis: Alveoli filled with fluid  Extreme cases: Lips and fingernails turn bluish  Symptoms:  1. Chills and fever  2. Cough and headache
  • 10. Common Cold:  Pathogen: Rhinovirus  Organ Effected: Nose and upper respiratory tract  Spread: Aerosols and contaminated objects  Lasts for 3-7 days  Symptoms:  1. Hoarseness of throat  2. Nasal congestion and discharge  3. Headache  4. Tiredness
  • 11. • Are all micro organisms pathogenic? • Are all pathogens micro organisms?
  • 12. Malaria:  Pathogen: Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria, P. falciparum)  Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito  Organ Effected: Liver & RBCs  Symptoms:  High fever after an incubation period of 14 days  Restlessness  Loss of appetite Early Symptoms  Sleeplessness  Muscular pain  Headache Late Symptoms  Chills
  • 13.  As a response to the chills the body temperature keeps rising till it reaches 106F (height of fever). The patient sweats a lot and the temperature steadily goes down to normal, till the next attack takes place after 48 hours.
  • 14. Plasmodium has two life stages: 1. Asexual Stages: Sporozoites (Human Host) 2. Sexual Stages: Gametocytes (Anopheles Host) • Sporozoites divide asexually to give rise to more sporozoites • Male and female gametocyte fuse together to form sporozoites
  • 15.  Anti malarial drugs: quinine, chloroquine  Killing of mosquitoes by spraying DDT, BHC etc., and use of insect repellents, mosquito nets etc., the disease can be controlled • Sporozoites initially multiply in the liver and then attack the RBCs • Rupture of RBCs releases a toxin called haemozoin, which is responsible for high recurring fever
  • 16. Amoebiasis:  Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica  Organ effected: Large intestine  Carrier: Housefly  Transmission: Contaminated food and water  Symptoms:  Abdominal Pain  Constipation  Cramps  Stool with excess mucous and blood clots
  • 17. Ringworms:  Pathogen: fungi like Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton  Transmission: Physical contact with an effected individual or from soil. Sharing towel, clothes, combs etc. with infected person.  Symptoms: a. Dry and scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp b. Lesions are accompanied by itching.
  • 18. Ascariasis:  Pathogen: intestinal endoparasite of man, Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm)  Transmission: Contaminated vegetables, fruits and water.  Symptoms: a. Abdominal pain b. indigestion c. internal bleeding d. muscular pain e. fever f. anemia g. nausea and headache h. blockage of the intestinal passage.
  • 19. Filariasis/ Elephantiasis:  Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi (filarial worm)  Vector: female Culex mosquito  Cause inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years  Affect the lymph vessels of the lower limbs.  Blocked lymph nodes results in swelling of the legs.  External genitalia may also be affected leading to gross deformities.
  • 20. Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases:  Maintenance of personal hygiene  Maintenance of public hygiene  Eradication of vectors and their breeding places  Vaccination and immunization programs for diseases like polio, diptheria, tetanus etc.  Use of antibiotics and drugs to treat the infected person.
  • 21. Quick Revision:  Health  Disease  Types of diseases  Pathogens/ vectors/ carriers  Bacterial diseases ( Typhoid & Pneumonia)  Viral disease ( Common cold)  Protozoan disease ( Malaria & Amoebiasis)  Fungal Disease ( Ringworm)  Helminthic Disease ( Ascariasis & Filariasis)  Prevention & control of infectious diseases