The Black Death was a devastating pandemic in the 14th century that originated in China and spread along the Silk Road, reaching Europe through merchant ships. It was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, which was carried by Oriental rat fleas living on black rats. Symptoms included swollen buboes, gangrene, and flea bites that caused rashes. It killed 30-60% of Europe's population, severely damaging the economy and social structures. Art and literature were also profoundly impacted by the horrors of the pandemic.